Leveling Compounds

What Are Leveling Compounds?

Leveling compounds, also known as self-leveling compounds or floor leveling compounds, are materials used to create a flat, even surface on an uneven subfloor. They are particularly useful when preparing floors for new flooring installations, as a smooth, level surface is essential for a professional finish.

These compounds come in liquid or powder form and are mixed with water before application. They are usually made from a combination of cement, gypsum, or polymer resins, and their consistency allows them to flow and spread across the surface, filling in dips and leveling high spots as they dry. Leveling compounds can be used on a variety of subfloors, including concrete, wood, and plywood, and are suitable for both residential and commercial applications.

Why Use Leveling Compounds?

Using leveling compounds is crucial for several reasons, especially when it comes to preparing a subfloor for new flooring. Here are the top reasons why you should consider using a leveling compound:

1. Smoother Flooring Installation

Leveling compounds help create a smooth, even surface, making it easier to install various types of flooring, including tile, carpet, vinyl, and hardwood. A smooth surface ensures that the new flooring adheres properly and reduces the risk of issues such as bubbling or lifting.

2. Prevents Damage to New Flooring

Uneven subfloors can put stress on your new flooring, leading to damage over time. A leveled subfloor prevents these issues by providing a stable foundation, ensuring the longevity of your flooring investment.

3. Fixes Low Spots and High Spots

Leveling compounds are ideal for addressing areas with dips or bumps. Low spots can cause flooring to sag, while high spots can create uneven surfaces. Leveling compounds are designed to fill in low areas and smooth out raised spots, leaving behind a uniform surface.

4. Improves the Aesthetic of Your Floor

An even surface provides a professional-looking finish that enhances the appearance of your entire floor. Leveling compounds are essential for creating a flawless, smooth surface that makes your new flooring look polished and sophisticated.

5. Enhances Durability

When the subfloor is level, the new flooring is less likely to experience issues like buckling, cracking, or warping. This makes the floor more durable and extends the life of the flooring material.

Types of Leveling Compounds

Leveling compounds come in various formulations, each designed for specific applications. Below, we will take a look at the different types of leveling compounds available and their unique properties.

1. Cement-Based Leveling Compounds

Best for: Concrete and plywood subfloors.

Cement-based leveling compounds are the most common type used in floor leveling projects. They are ideal for use on concrete, plywood, and other common subfloors. These compounds are typically powder-based and need to be mixed with water before application. Once mixed, the compound has a consistency similar to pancake batter and can be poured onto the floor to self-level.

Benefits:

• Quick-setting: Cement-based leveling compounds set quickly, making them ideal for projects with tight timelines.
• Durability: Once dried, cement-based compounds are strong and durable, providing a long-lasting foundation for your flooring.
• Cost-effective: These compounds are generally affordable and readily available.

Drawbacks:

• Requires skill to apply: Cement-based compounds can be challenging to apply if you’re not familiar with the process. You need to work quickly before they start to set.
• Not suitable for all floors: Cement-based compounds are best for concrete subfloors and may not be ideal for wood or other surfaces.

2. Gypsum-Based Leveling Compounds

Best for: Wood subfloors, plywood, and older homes.

Gypsum-based leveling compounds are another popular option for creating a smooth surface. These compounds are often used in residential settings, especially when working with wood subfloors or older homes. They are available in both dry powder and ready-to-use forms, with the dry powder needing to be mixed with water before application.

Benefits:

• Faster drying time: Gypsum-based compounds dry quickly, allowing for faster installation of your new floor.
• Lightweight: Gypsum compounds are lighter than cement-based products, making them easier to work with.
• Excellent for wood subfloors: Gypsum compounds are particularly effective for leveling wood or plywood subfloors.

Drawbacks:

• Less durable: Gypsum-based leveling compounds may not be as strong as cement-based compounds, making them less ideal for high-traffic areas.
• Moisture-sensitive: Gypsum compounds are sensitive to moisture, which can cause them to break down over time. They may not be suitable for areas with high humidity or water exposure.

3. Polymer-Modified Leveling Compounds

Best for: High-performance applications.

Polymer-modified leveling compounds are enhanced with synthetic resins or polymers to improve their flexibility, adhesion, and durability. These compounds are typically used in commercial or industrial applications where superior performance is needed. They offer a strong bond to a variety of surfaces and are ideal for use in areas that experience high foot traffic or frequent movement.

Benefits:

• Increased adhesion: The polymers in these compounds provide better adhesion to a wide variety of substrates.
• Greater flexibility: Polymer-modified compounds are more flexible than traditional cement-based products, which reduces the risk of cracking.
• Moisture resistance: Many polymer-modified compounds are resistant to moisture, making them suitable for wet areas like bathrooms and kitchens.

Drawbacks:

• More expensive: These high-performance compounds tend to be more expensive than standard cement or gypsum-based options.
• Requires professional installation: Due to their advanced properties, polymer-modified compounds may require professional installation to achieve optimal results.

How to Apply Leveling Compounds: Step-by-Step Guide

Now that you know about the different types of leveling compounds, let’s walk through the process of applying them. Whether you're using a cement-based, gypsum-based, or polymer-modified compound, the basic process remains similar. Here is a step-by-step guide to help you apply leveling compounds and achieve a perfectly smooth surface.

Step 1: Prepare the Subfloor

Before applying any leveling compound, you need to properly prepare the subfloor. The subfloor should be clean, dry, and free of any debris, dirt, grease, or old adhesive. If you’re working with an old floor, make sure to remove any remnants of previous flooring, such as carpet glue or vinyl.

• Sweep the floor to remove dust and dirt.
• Use a vacuum to ensure the surface is completely clean.
• If necessary, repair any cracks or holes in the subfloor before applying the leveling compound.

Step 2: Mix the Leveling Compound

Follow the manufacturer's instructions for mixing the leveling compound. For powder-based compounds, you’ll need to mix the compound with water to create a thick, slurry-like consistency. Use a large mixing container and a power mixer for best results.

• Make sure to mix the compound thoroughly to avoid lumps.
• Only mix as much compound as you can apply in the recommended time frame, as most compounds set quickly.
• If you’re using a ready-to-use compound, no mixing is required.

Step 3: Apply the Leveling Compound

Once the compound is mixed, pour it onto the floor starting at one corner. Use a trowel or spreader to spread the compound evenly across the floor. Work quickly, as leveling compounds can start to set fast.

• Use a smooth, sweeping motion to spread the compound across the floor.
• For large areas, you may need to use a gauge rake to ensure an even layer of compound.
• Work your way towards the exit to avoid stepping on the wet compound.

Step 4: Smooth the Surface

Once the leveling compound is applied, use a flat trowel to smooth the surface. The compound should flow into low spots, and any high spots should be smoothed out. For a perfectly even surface, you can use a floor roller to ensure the compound settles evenly.

Step 5: Allow the Compound to Dry

Let the leveling compound dry according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The drying time can vary depending on the type of compound used and environmental factors. It typically takes 1 to 24 hours for the compound to dry completely.

• Avoid walking on the floor during the drying process.
• Make sure the room is well-ventilated to speed up the drying time.

Step 6: Apply Your Flooring

Once the leveling compound has dried, you can proceed with installing your new flooring. Whether it’s tile, hardwood, or carpet, your leveled surface will provide a stable foundation for your new floor.

Tips for Using Leveling Compounds

• Test the subfloor: If you’re unsure about the condition of your subfloor, it’s always a good idea to test it with a level before applying the compound.
• Don’t rush: Take your time applying the compound. Rushing through the process may result in an uneven finish.
• Work in small sections: If you’re working with a large area, apply the compound in smaller sections to ensure an even spread.
• Use proper safety equipment: Always wear gloves, a mask, and goggles when working with leveling compounds, especially if you’re using cement-based materials.